feat(entry): operator-issued entry + exit plate-swap reconciliation

Two halves of one anti-fraud design.

(A) Operator-issued entry — when the physical entry button is broken, an
operator can issue an entry ticket so a real car isn't blocked out of the lot.
This hands the operator-adversary a mint, so it is:
  - PRESENCE-GATED like the physical button: a real car must be present (radar/
    loop AND camera busy). Enforced BOTH sides — the server re-checks current
    presence so a direct POST can't bypass a disabled button; no presence loop
    => feature unavailable; a no-presence attempt signs an anomaly.
  - FLAGGED: vehicle_entry source=manual + operatorInitiated + operator, PLUS a
    companion entry.operatorIssued anomaly (the adversary path always leaves a
    red-flag row).
  - capacity-OVERRIDE allowed but stamped lotFull (a broken button mustn't trap
    a legit car).
  New session:create permission (migration 0019 -> operator role, admin-
  revocable), POST /api/entry/issue (open-shift gated), EntryFlow.
  issueForOperator; the fraud-critical print->sign->open->snapshot sequence is
  factored into one shared #issueTicket (button + operator). UI: the entry
  BarrierLight becomes a clickable issue-control when presence+permission+shift
  meet (confirm -> issue).

(B) Exit plate-swap reconciliation — defends the ticket-swap fraud the mint
enables (paid car let out on a fresh $0 ticket, original ticket lingers
"inside", occupancy drifts up by phantom cars). The plate is the invariant:
ExitFlow.#reconcilePlateAtExit compares the exiting plate against all OPEN
sessions' entry plates, EXACT + HIGH-CONFIDENCE only (>=0.85; a fuzzy read never
gates — ANPR is advisory). On a match under a DIFFERENT ticket:
  - BOOTH path: returns swap_suspected + signs exit.plateSwapSuspected; the
    pay/exit modal shows a red warning + "Override & release" (override signs an
    attributed exit.plateSwapOverride). Flag+override, never a silent hard block
    (exit fails-open; a plate is never the sole gate).
  - READER path (no operator): log-only anomaly + fail-open.
  Extended BoothExitResult + /api/exit (override); boothExit client returns a
  structured swap result.

Verified: full monorepo build/lint/test green (229 server tests incl. 4 new:
hold-on-swap, override-releases-with-attribution, low-confidence-no-warning,
own-plate-no-warning). New wiki: operator-issued-entry.md +
plate-reconciliation.md; cross-linked from entry-exit-points, capacity-
occupancy, index. Preserves "a plate never OPENS a barrier alone — and now never
TRAPS a car alone either."

Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01Xcm6ikLgGoCxxHrxtjkk5V

apps/server/src/entry-flow.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import type { FastifyBaseLogger } from "fastify";
 import type { DeviceInputEvent } from "./device-events.js";
 import { getOccupancy } from "./occupancy.js";
 import type { EventLog } from "./event-log.js";
-import { devicesByDirection, relayForButton, relayForPresence, type ResolvedRelay } from "./device-resolve.js";
+import { devicesByDirection, firstRelayByDirection, relayForButton, relayForPresence, type ResolvedRelay } from "./device-resolve.js";
 import { snapshotAsync } from "./snapshot.js";
 import type { VisionClient } from "./vision-client.js";
 
@@ -229,9 +229,29 @@ export class EntryFlow {
       return;
     }
 
+    await this.#issueTicket(resolved, { source: "ticket" });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The shared "issue a transient ticket" sequence used by BOTH the physical button
+   * (#runEntry) and the operator-initiated path (issueForOperator) — ONE copy of the
+   * fraud-critical ordering (print → sign vehicle_entry BEFORE open → open → snapshot →
+   * cache), never a divergent second copy. `opts.source` is "ticket" (button) or "booth"
+   * (operator). For an operator mint we stamp `operatorInitiated` + `operator` on the
+   * signed entry AND append a companion `anomaly` (the operator-adversary path always
+   * leaves a red-flag row); `overCapacity` records a full-lot override. Returns the
+   * outcome so the operator route can report it. See wiki/concepts/operator-issued-entry.md.
+   */
+  async #issueTicket(
+    resolved: ResolvedRelay,
+    opts: { source: "ticket" | "manual"; operator?: string; overCapacity?: { count: number; capacity: number | null } },
+  ): Promise<{ ok: true; ticketId: string; opened: boolean } | { ok: false; reason: string }> {
     const ticketId = newTicketId();
     const issuedAt = new Date().toISOString();
     const printers = this.#loadPrinters();
+    // Operator mint = ledger source "manual" (human intervention, like the barrier re-open)
+    // + operatorInitiated:true in the payload. The button path is source "ticket".
+    const operatorInitiated = opts.source === "manual";
 
     // 1. PRINT FIRST. The ticket is the transient's session key — no ticket, no entry.
     const ticket: TicketData = { ticketId, issuedAt, header: this.#ticketHeader() };
@@ -260,17 +280,14 @@ export class EntryFlow {
       // Capture who is held at the barrier (evidence for the operator handling the car).
       this.#fireSnapshot("entry", ticketId);
       this.#logger.warn(`entry HELD: ${reason} (barrier NOT opened)`);
-      return;
+      return { ok: false, reason };
     }
 
     // 2. SIGN the vehicle_entry — BEFORE the relay fires (the core invariant).
     //    `category` is FROZEN here (in the signed payload) so the tariff prices and
     //    later reprices the same way at exit. Today every transient takes the SITE
     //    default category (operator policy, site_config.default_vehicle_category;
-    //    falls back to the shared DEFAULT_VEHICLE_CATEGORY). Per-relay capture (a
-    //    "bus lane" relay, mirroring how direction is per-relay in device-resolve.ts)
-    //    is the future seam — source it from `resolved` then. A V1/no-category tariff
-    //    ignores it; only V2 category cards consult it.
+    //    falls back to the shared DEFAULT_VEHICLE_CATEGORY).
     const cfg = this.#db.select().from(siteConfig).where(eq(siteConfig.id, 1)).get();
     const category =
       cfg?.defaultVehicleCategory && cfg.defaultVehicleCategory.length > 0
@@ -279,33 +296,113 @@ export class EntryFlow {
     await this.#log.append({
       type: "vehicle_entry",
       direction: "entry",
-      source: "ticket",
+      source: opts.source,
       identity: ticketId,
-      payload: { sessionRef: ticketId, ticketPrinted: true, category },
+      payload: {
+        sessionRef: ticketId,
+        ticketPrinted: true,
+        category,
+        ...(operatorInitiated ? { operatorInitiated: true, operator: opts.operator } : {}),
+        ...(opts.overCapacity ? { lotFull: true, occupancy: `${opts.overCapacity.count}/${opts.overCapacity.capacity ?? "∞"}` } : {}),
+      },
       occurredAt: issuedAt,
     });
 
+    // 2b. For an operator mint, append a companion ANOMALY — the operator-adversary path
+    //     always leaves a red-flag row in the tamper-evident record for reconciliation.
+    if (operatorInitiated) {
+      await this.#log.append({
+        type: "anomaly",
+        identity: ticketId,
+        payload: {
+          ...reasonPayload("entry.operatorIssued", { operator: opts.operator ?? "?" }),
+          source: "booth",
+          operatorInitiated: true,
+          ...(opts.operator ? { operator: opts.operator } : {}),
+          ...(opts.overCapacity ? { lotFull: true } : {}),
+        },
+      });
+    }
+
     // 3. OPEN the resolved entry barrier (intent only; the barrier owns the close).
     const access = this.#buildAccess(resolved.controller);
-    if (access) await access.pulseOpen(resolved.relay);
-    else this.#logger.warn(`entry signed for ${ticketId} but the entry relay won't build`);
+    let opened = false;
+    if (access) {
+      await access.pulseOpen(resolved.relay);
+      opened = true;
+    } else this.#logger.warn(`entry signed for ${ticketId} but the entry relay won't build`);
 
-    // 3b. SNAPSHOT — fire the entry camera(s), never awaited (evidence, not a gate;
-    //     a camera failure must not delay or block the already-open barrier).
+    // 3b. SNAPSHOT — fire the entry camera(s), never awaited (evidence, not a gate; a
+    //     camera failure must not delay or block the already-open barrier). This is ALSO
+    //     what records the plate that plate-reconciliation reads at exit.
     this.#fireSnapshot("entry", ticketId);
 
-    // 4. Update the session projection cache (rebuildable from the ledger; this is
-    //    just a fast read-model, never the source of truth).
+    // 4. Update the session projection cache (rebuildable from the ledger; a read-model).
     try {
       this.#db
         .insert(sessions)
-        .values({ id: ticketId, identity: ticketId, source: "ticket", enteredAt: issuedAt, state: "open" })
+        .values({ id: ticketId, identity: ticketId, source: opts.source, enteredAt: issuedAt, state: "open" })
         .run();
     } catch (err) {
-      // Cache miss is non-fatal — the ledger is authoritative and the projection
-      // can be rebuilt. Log it; don't fail the (already-open) entry.
       this.#logger.error(`session-cache insert failed for ${ticketId}: ${(err as Error).message}`);
     }
+    return { ok: true, ticketId, opened };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * OPERATOR-ISSUED entry (physical entry button broken). Gated exactly like the button:
+   * a REAL vehicle must be present at the entry — BOTH radar/loop presence AND camera
+   * confirmation. `cameraBusy` is the current LaneStatus.entry (passed by the route); loop
+   * presence is this flow's own per-relay guard state. If a site has no presence loop the
+   * feature is unavailable (we require both — no weaker fallback). Refuses (+ signs an
+   * anomaly) when no vehicle is present, so probing the endpoint is itself recorded. Over
+   * capacity is ALLOWED but flagged (a broken button mustn't trap a legit car). The mint
+   * itself is flagged (source:"booth" + operatorInitiated + a companion anomaly).
+   * See wiki/concepts/operator-issued-entry.md.
+   */
+  async issueForOperator(operator: string, cameraBusy: boolean): Promise<
+    { ok: true; ticketId: string; opened: boolean; overCapacity: boolean } | { ok: false; reason: string }
+  > {
+    const resolved = firstRelayByDirection(this.#db, "entry");
+    if (!resolved) return { ok: false, reason: "no entry barrier configured" };
+
+    // PRESENCE GATE — require BOTH a presence loop (configured + currently occupied) AND
+    // the camera confirming a vehicle. No loop configured → feature unavailable here.
+    if (typeof resolved.presenceInput !== "number") {
+      return { ok: false, reason: "no presence loop on the entry barrier — operator issue unavailable" };
+    }
+    const present = this.#guardState(resolved).present;
+    if (!present || !cameraBusy) {
+      await this.#log.append({
+        type: "anomaly",
+        identity: `ENTRY-ATTEMPT-${randomUUID().replace(/-/g, "").slice(0, 12)}`,
+        payload: {
+          ...reasonPayload("entry.issue.noPresence", { operator }),
+          source: "booth",
+          operator,
+          radarPresent: present,
+          cameraBusy,
+        },
+      });
+      this.#logger.warn(`operator entry refused by ${operator}: no vehicle present (radar=${present}, camera=${cameraBusy})`);
+      return { ok: false, reason: "no vehicle detected at the entry" };
+    }
+
+    const key = `operator-issue:${this.#relayKey(resolved)}`;
+    if (this.#inFlight.has(key)) return { ok: false, reason: "an entry is already in progress" };
+    this.#inFlight.add(key);
+    try {
+      const occ = getOccupancy(this.#db);
+      const res = await this.#issueTicket(resolved, {
+        source: "manual",
+        operator,
+        ...(occ.full ? { overCapacity: { count: occ.count, capacity: occ.capacity ?? null } } : {}),
+      });
+      if (!res.ok) return res;
+      return { ok: true, ticketId: res.ticketId, opened: res.opened, overCapacity: occ.full };
+    } finally {
+      this.#inFlight.delete(key);
+    }
   }
 
   /** Fire the entry camera(s) for an identity; never awaited (evidence, not a gate).

apps/server/src/exit-flow.test.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 import { createTestDb } from "@parking/db/testing";
-import { ledgerEvents, eq, type Db } from "@parking/db";
+import { ledgerEvents, deviceEvents as deviceEventsTable, sessions as sessionsTable, eq, type Db } from "@parking/db";
+import { randomUUID } from "node:crypto";
 import { ExitFlow } from "./exit-flow.js";
 import { PayStation } from "./pay-station.js";
 import type { EventLog } from "./event-log.js";
@@ -33,6 +34,19 @@ async function enter(identity: string, enteredAt: string, payload?: Record<strin
 function exitsSigned(identity: string) {
   return db.select().from(ledgerEvents).where(eq(ledgerEvents.identity, identity)).all().filter((r) => r.type === "vehicle_exit");
 }
+function anomalies(reason?: string) {
+  return db.select().from(ledgerEvents).where(eq(ledgerEvents.type, "anomaly")).all()
+    .filter((r) => !reason || (r.payload as { reason?: string } | null)?.reason?.includes(reason));
+}
+/** Seed the projection-cache open-session row + an ANPR plate read (device_events) so the
+ *  plate-reconciliation check can see this identity's plate against open sessions. */
+function seedOpenWithPlate(identity: string, plate: string, confidence: number, enteredAt: string) {
+  db.insert(sessionsTable).values({ id: identity, identity, source: "ticket", enteredAt, state: "open" }).run();
+  db.insert(deviceEventsTable).values({
+    id: randomUUID(), deviceId: "cam-entry", category: "camera", kind: "read", occurredAt: enteredAt,
+    detail: { identity, direction: "entry", plate, confidence },
+  }).run();
+}
 
 describe("exitForBooth — refusal gates", () => {
   it("refuses an unknown ticket (no session) and signs an anomaly", async () => {
@@ -116,3 +130,63 @@ describe("reopenBarrier — no unpaid re-open", () => {
     expect(exitsSigned("T1")).toHaveLength(1);
   });
 });
+
+describe("exitForBooth — plate-swap reconciliation (ticket-swap fraud)", () => {
+  // The fraud: a paid car is let out on a fresh $0 ticket while the original lingers "inside".
+  // The plate is the invariant — the exiting car's plate is already open under the old ticket.
+  it("HOLDS a paid exit when the plate is already open under a DIFFERENT ticket", async () => {
+    seedTariff(db, { pricePerIncrementMinor: 10000, gracePeriodExitMin: 15 });
+    // Original car entered on 1234, plate AA123BB, still open (never paid/exited).
+    await enter("1234", minutesAgo(120));
+    seedOpenWithPlate("1234", "AA123BB", 0.99, minutesAgo(120));
+    // A fresh ticket 1237 (same physical car, same plate) is paid and tries to exit.
+    await enter("1237", minutesAgo(1));
+    seedOpenWithPlate("1237", "AA123BB", 0.99, minutesAgo(1));
+    await pay.pay("1237", "cash");
+
+    const r = await exit.exitForBooth("1237");
+    expect(r).toMatchObject({ ok: false, status: "swap_suspected", plate: "AA123BB", otherIdentity: "1234" });
+    expect(exitsSigned("1237")).toHaveLength(0); // NOT let out
+    expect(anomalies("plate AA123BB is already inside").length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(1);
+  });
+
+  it("RELEASES on explicit operator override + signs an attributed override anomaly", async () => {
+    seedTariff(db, { pricePerIncrementMinor: 10000, gracePeriodExitMin: 15 });
+    await enter("1234", minutesAgo(120));
+    seedOpenWithPlate("1234", "AA123BB", 0.99, minutesAgo(120));
+    await enter("1237", minutesAgo(1));
+    seedOpenWithPlate("1237", "AA123BB", 0.99, minutesAgo(1));
+    await pay.pay("1237", "cash");
+
+    const r = await exit.exitForBooth("1237", { override: true, operator: "op1" });
+    expect(r.ok).toBe(true);
+    expect(exitsSigned("1237")).toHaveLength(1); // released
+    const ov = anomalies("released a suspected ticket-swap");
+    expect(ov.length).toBe(1);
+    expect((ov[0].payload as { operator?: string }).operator).toBe("op1");
+  });
+
+  it("does NOT warn on a LOW-confidence plate read (advisory, never a gate)", async () => {
+    seedTariff(db, { pricePerIncrementMinor: 10000, gracePeriodExitMin: 15 });
+    await enter("1234", minutesAgo(120));
+    seedOpenWithPlate("1234", "AA123BB", 0.5, minutesAgo(120)); // low conf
+    await enter("1237", minutesAgo(1));
+    seedOpenWithPlate("1237", "AA123BB", 0.5, minutesAgo(1)); // low conf
+    await pay.pay("1237", "cash");
+
+    const r = await exit.exitForBooth("1237");
+    expect(r.ok).toBe(true); // no warning — exits normally
+    expect(exitsSigned("1237")).toHaveLength(1);
+  });
+
+  it("does NOT warn a normal exit whose OWN plate is only open under its OWN ticket", async () => {
+    seedTariff(db, { pricePerIncrementMinor: 10000, gracePeriodExitMin: 15 });
+    await enter("1237", minutesAgo(90));
+    seedOpenWithPlate("1237", "AA999ZZ", 0.99, minutesAgo(90));
+    await pay.pay("1237", "cash");
+
+    const r = await exit.exitForBooth("1237");
+    expect(r.ok).toBe(true); // its own plate under its own ticket is not a swap
+    expect(exitsSigned("1237")).toHaveLength(1);
+  });
+});

apps/server/src/exit-flow.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { desc, eq, ledgerEvents, sessions, tariffVersions, tariffs, type Db, type DeviceRow } from "@parking/db";
 import { registry, type AccessControlDevice } from "@parking/devices";
 import { firstRelayByDirection, type ResolvedRelay } from "./device-resolve.js";
+import { plateForIdentity, platesForIdentities } from "./plate-lookup.js";
 import { snapshotAsync } from "./snapshot.js";
 import type { VisionClient } from "./vision-client.js";
 import { computeFee, reasonPayload, renderReasonEn, type LedgerPayload, type TariffStructure } from "@parking/shared";
@@ -47,6 +48,11 @@ interface SessionView {
  *  the barrier didn't open (payment stands; operator opens manually). */
 export type BoothExitResult =
   | { ok: false; status: "invalid" | "no_session" | "closed" | "unpaid" | "grace_expired"; reason: string }
+  // PLATE-SWAP suspected: the exiting car's plate is already OPEN under a DIFFERENT ticket
+  // (possible ticket-swap fraud / mixed-up tickets). Not opened — the operator must review
+  // and either resolve the tickets or consciously OVERRIDE (re-submit with override:true).
+  // See wiki/concepts/plate-reconciliation.md.
+  | { ok: false; status: "swap_suspected"; reason: string; plate: string; otherIdentity: string; otherEnteredAt: string | null }
   | { ok: true; opened: true }
   | { ok: true; opened: false; reason: string };
 
@@ -57,6 +63,11 @@ export type BoothReopenResult =
   | { ok: false; reason: string }
   | { ok: true; opened: boolean; reason?: string };
 
+/** Minimum ANPR confidence for a plate to participate in swap reconciliation, both for the
+ *  exiting read and the matched open session's entry read. Below this, the read is advisory-
+ *  only and never triggers a swap warning (a fuzzy read must not block a legit car). */
+const PLATE_MATCH_MIN_CONFIDENCE = 0.85;
+
 export class ExitFlow {
   readonly #db: Db;
   readonly #log: EventLog;
@@ -88,7 +99,7 @@ export class ExitFlow {
    *    (money was taken, the car is owed an exit) and an `anomaly` is appended so the
    *    operator opens manually. Payment is never rolled back.
    */
-  async exitForBooth(identity: string): Promise<BoothExitResult> {
+  async exitForBooth(identity: string, opts?: { override?: boolean; operator?: string }): Promise<BoothExitResult> {
     const id = identity.trim();
     if (!id) return { ok: false, status: "invalid", reason: "ticket id required" };
 
@@ -122,6 +133,40 @@ export class ExitFlow {
         return { ok: false, status: paid ? "grace_expired" : "unpaid", reason: rp.reason };
       }
 
+      // PLATE-SWAP CHECK — after the money/grace validation, before we sign the exit. If
+      // the plate is already open under a DIFFERENT ticket, HOLD for the operator to review
+      // (unless they consciously override). A denial here never traps the car — exit fails
+      // open and the operator can override; the anomaly is the control either way.
+      const swap = this.#reconcilePlateAtExit(id);
+      if (swap) {
+        if (!opts?.override) {
+          // Sign the SUSPICION even if the operator walks away (tamper-evident record).
+          const rp = reasonPayload("exit.plateSwapSuspected", { plate: swap.plate, otherIdentity: swap.otherIdentity });
+          await this.#log.append({
+            type: "anomaly",
+            identity: id,
+            payload: { ...rp, source: "booth", plateSwapSuspected: true, plate: swap.plate, otherIdentity: swap.otherIdentity },
+          });
+          this.#fireExitSnapshot(id);
+          this.#logger.warn(`booth exit HELD (${id}): plate ${swap.plate} already open under ${swap.otherIdentity}`);
+          return { ok: false, status: "swap_suspected", reason: rp.reason, plate: swap.plate, otherIdentity: swap.otherIdentity, otherEnteredAt: swap.otherEnteredAt };
+        }
+        // OVERRIDE: the operator consciously releases it. Sign the override (attributed).
+        await this.#log.append({
+          type: "anomaly",
+          identity: id,
+          payload: {
+            ...reasonPayload("exit.plateSwapOverride", { operator: opts.operator ?? "?", plate: swap.plate, otherIdentity: swap.otherIdentity }),
+            source: "booth",
+            plateSwapOverride: true,
+            plate: swap.plate,
+            otherIdentity: swap.otherIdentity,
+            ...(opts.operator ? { operator: opts.operator } : {}),
+          },
+        });
+        this.#logger.warn(`booth exit OVERRIDE (${id}) by ${opts.operator ?? "?"}: plate-swap released (${swap.plate}, also open under ${swap.otherIdentity})`);
+      }
+
       // Free entry-grace path: mint the $0 payment first (ledger invariant), as the
       // reader path does.
       if (freeGrace && view.freeGrace) {
@@ -336,6 +381,25 @@ export class ExitFlow {
       return { accepted: false, direction: "exit", reason: rp.reason };
     }
 
+    // PLATE-SWAP (reader path): detect + LOG, but FAIL OPEN. There's no operator at an
+    // automated lane to make the override decision, and exit fails open for safety, so we
+    // sign the suspicion anomaly (the control here) and still let the car out. The booth
+    // path (operator-mediated) is where the hold + override lives.
+    const swap = this.#reconcilePlateAtExit(e.value);
+    if (swap) {
+      await this.#log.append({
+        type: "anomaly",
+        identity: e.value,
+        payload: {
+          ...reasonPayload("exit.plateSwapSuspected", { plate: swap.plate, otherIdentity: swap.otherIdentity }),
+          plateSwapSuspected: true,
+          plate: swap.plate,
+          otherIdentity: swap.otherIdentity,
+        },
+      });
+      this.#logger.warn(`reader exit: plate ${swap.plate} already open under ${swap.otherIdentity} (${e.value}) — logged, fail-open`);
+    }
+
     // Valid (a real payment within walk-back grace): sign + open.
     return this.#signExitAndOpen(resolved, e);
   }
@@ -406,6 +470,43 @@ export class ExitFlow {
     this.#logger.error(`booth exit open failed (${identity}): ${detail}`);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * PLATE-SWAP reconciliation. The car's PLATE is the invariant a ticket-swap can't hide:
+   * if this exiting ticket's plate is already OPEN under a DIFFERENT ticket, someone let a
+   * paid car out on a fresh $0 ticket while the original lingers "inside" (occupancy fraud),
+   * or two tickets were mixed up. We compare the EXITING plate against every open session's
+   * ENTRY plate, EXACT normalized match, HIGH-CONFIDENCE reads only (a fuzzy/absent read is
+   * advisory — never a gate, so it can't trap a legit car). Returns the matched open session
+   * or null. See wiki/concepts/plate-reconciliation.md.
+   */
+  #reconcilePlateAtExit(exitingId: string): { plate: string; otherIdentity: string; otherEnteredAt: string | null } | null {
+    // The exiting car's plate: prefer its own exit read, else its entry read.
+    const mine = plateForIdentity(this.#db, exitingId);
+    if (!mine || !mine.plate || (mine.confidence ?? 0) < PLATE_MATCH_MIN_CONFIDENCE) return null;
+    const wanted = mine.plate.trim().toUpperCase();
+
+    // All currently-open sessions (from the projection cache — a fast read-model; the check
+    // is advisory so a slightly-stale cache is acceptable), excluding this ticket.
+    const openIds = this.#db
+      .select({ id: sessions.id })
+      .from(sessions)
+      .where(eq(sessions.state, "open"))
+      .all()
+      .map((r) => r.id)
+      .filter((id) => id !== exitingId);
+    if (openIds.length === 0) return null;
+
+    const plates = platesForIdentities(this.#db, openIds);
+    for (const [otherId, pv] of plates) {
+      if ((pv.confidence ?? 0) < PLATE_MATCH_MIN_CONFIDENCE) continue;
+      if (pv.plate.trim().toUpperCase() !== wanted) continue;
+      // A high-confidence exact match under a DIFFERENT open ticket → swap suspected.
+      const enteredAt = this.#db.select({ enteredAt: sessions.enteredAt }).from(sessions).where(eq(sessions.id, otherId)).get()?.enteredAt ?? null;
+      return { plate: wanted, otherIdentity: otherId, otherEnteredAt: enteredAt };
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
   /** Fold the signed ledger into a session view for one identity (authoritative). */
   #sessionFor(identity: string): SessionView | null {
     const rows = this.#db

apps/server/src/routes/entry.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import type { FastifyInstance } from "fastify";
+import { requirePermission } from "../auth.js";
+import type { EntryFlow } from "../entry-flow.js";
+import type { LaneStatus } from "../lane-status.js";
+import type { ShiftService } from "../shift-service.js";
+import { NoShiftOpenError } from "../shift-service.js";
+
+// Operator-issued entry (2026-07-01). When the physical entry button is broken, an operator
+// may issue an entry ticket — a FLAGGED mint (vehicle_entry source=manual + operatorInitiated
+// + a companion anomaly), gated EXACTLY like the physical button: a real vehicle must be
+// present (radar/loop AND camera). The presence gate is enforced HERE (server-side), so a
+// direct POST can't bypass a disabled UI button. Money-adjacent → requires an open shift.
+// See wiki/concepts/operator-issued-entry.md.
+
+export async function entryRoutes(
+  app: FastifyInstance,
+  entryFlow: EntryFlow,
+  laneStatus: LaneStatus,
+  shift: ShiftService,
+): Promise<void> {
+  const guard = requirePermission("session:create");
+
+  app.post("/api/entry/issue", { preHandler: guard }, async (req, reply) => {
+    // Gate on an open shift (a minted entry belongs to an accountable operator).
+    if (!shift.currentOpenShift()) {
+      return reply.code(409).send({ error: new NoShiftOpenError().message });
+    }
+    // The camera side of the presence gate = the live entry lane-busy state; the radar/loop
+    // side is checked inside the flow (its per-relay presence guard).
+    const cameraBusy = laneStatus.snapshot().entry;
+    const res = await entryFlow.issueForOperator(req.user.username, cameraBusy);
+    if (!res.ok) return reply.code(409).send({ error: res.reason });
+    return res;
+  });
+}

apps/server/src/routes/pay.ts

@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ interface PayBody {
 }
 interface ExitBody {
   identity: string;
+  /** Operator consciously releases a suspected plate-swap exit (re-submit after the
+   *  first call returned status "swap_suspected"). Signs an attributed override anomaly. */
+  override?: boolean;
 }
 interface VoucherBody {
   identity: string;
@@ -109,8 +112,17 @@ export async function payRoutes(
     async (req, reply) => {
       const identity = (req.body?.identity ?? "").trim();
       if (!identity) return reply.code(400).send({ error: "identity required" });
-      const res = await exitFlow.exitForBooth(identity);
-      if (!res.ok) return reply.code(409).send({ error: res.reason, status: res.status });
+      const res = await exitFlow.exitForBooth(identity, {
+        override: req.body?.override === true,
+        operator: req.user?.username,
+      });
+      // A suspected plate-swap returns the full detail so the modal can warn + offer override.
+      if (!res.ok) {
+        if (res.status === "swap_suspected") {
+          return reply.code(409).send({ error: res.reason, status: res.status, plate: res.plate, otherIdentity: res.otherIdentity, otherEnteredAt: res.otherEnteredAt });
+        }
+        return reply.code(409).send({ error: res.reason, status: res.status });
+      }
       return reply.code(200).send(res);
     },
   );

apps/server/src/server.ts

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ import { subscriptionPlanRoutes } from "./routes/subscription-plans.js";
 import { qrReaderRoutes } from "./routes/qr-reader.js";
 import { shiftRoutes } from "./routes/shift.js";
 import { drawerRoutes } from "./routes/drawer.js";
+import { entryRoutes } from "./routes/entry.js";
 import { siteRoutes } from "./routes/site.js";
 import { snapshotRoutes } from "./routes/snapshots.js";
 import { tariffRoutes } from "./routes/tariffs.js";
@@ -270,6 +271,8 @@ export async function buildServer(opts: BuildOptions = {}): Promise<FastifyInsta
   await shiftRoutes(app, shiftService);
   // Drawer cash movements — operator records, admin reviews (routes/drawer.ts).
   await drawerRoutes(app, shiftService);
+  // Operator-issued entry (broken physical button) — flagged mint, presence-gated.
+  await entryRoutes(app, entryFlow, laneStatus, shiftService);
 
   // Site config (capacity) + live occupancy. The FULL gate (refuse transient entry
   // at capacity) is in the entry flow. See wiki/concepts/capacity-occupancy.md.